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Techniques - END
Magnetic particles

OBJECTIVE:
To detect surface and sub-surface discontinuities (up to approx. 1/4'')

FUNDAMENT:
It is based on the application of the magnetic field phenomenon

SCOPE:
Ferromagnetic materials

TYPES OF DISCONTINUITIES:

Cracks, laminations, hot tears

APPLICATIONS IN:
Forged parts
Welding
Steel components

 
Ultrasound

OBJECTIVE:
1. Failures: To detect internal and superficial discontinuities with their origin in the manufacturing process or in service.

2. Metrology: Thickness measurement

FUNDAMENT:
It is based on the application of the acoustic reflection and refraction phenomenon of waves, that are waves of elastic character that are propagated only where there are atoms and molecules capable of vibrating, and not in vacuum.

SCOPE:
Any type of material

TYPE OF DISCONTINUITIES: 
Cracks, inclusions, pores, misalignments, structure differences

APPLICATIONS:
Welding
Piping
Steel sheets
Parts 
Piping accessories (joints, derivations, flanges)
 
Penetrating fluids

OBJECTIVE:
It is applied to superficial failures

FUNDAMENT:
It is based on the capillarity principle by which fluids can get into and come out of narrow openings

SCOPE:

All type of material with the exception of those that show surface porosity or roughness

TYPES OF DISCONTINUITIES:

Cracks, porosity and defects open to surface. 

APPLICATIONS IN:
Welding
Piping
Equipment and components